Read the passage and answer the questions.
Passage: Managing Chronic Pain in Elderly Patients
Chronic pain affects nearly 50% of individuals over the age of 65. It is often underreported due to fear of dependency or belief that pain is a normal part of aging. Common causes include osteoarthritis, neuropathy, and post-surgical complications.
Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach. Pharmacological interventions include NSAIDs, opioids, and topical agents. However, elderly patients are more susceptible to side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding and sedation. Non-pharmacological methods — like physiotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and acupuncture — have shown promising results.
Communication is key. Clinicians should use pain scales adapted for cognitive impairment and encourage open dialogue. Family involvement can improve adherence and emotional support.
11. Why is chronic pain often underreported in elderly patients?
